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Rmail is an Emacs subsystem for reading and disposing of mail that you receive. Rmail stores mail messages in files called Rmail files which use a special format. Reading the message in an Rmail file is done in a special major mode, Rmail mode, which redefines most letters to run commands for managing mail.
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Using Rmail in the simplest fashion, you have one Rmail file
`~/RMAIL' in which all of your mail is saved. It is called your
primary Rmail file. The command M-x rmail reads your primary
Rmail file, merges new mail in from your inboxes, displays the first
message you haven't read yet, and lets you begin reading. The variable
rmail-file-name specifies the name of the primary Rmail file.
Rmail uses narrowing to hide all but one message in the Rmail file. The message that is shown is called the current message. Rmail mode's special commands can do such things as delete the current message, copy it into another file, send a reply, or move to another message. You can also create multiple Rmail files and use Rmail to move messages between them.
Within the Rmail file, messages are normally arranged sequentially in order of receipt; you can specify other ways to sort them. Messages are identified by consecutive integers which are their message numbers. The number of the current message is displayed in Rmail's mode line, followed by the total number of messages in the file. You can move to a message by specifying its message number with the j key (see section Moving Among Messages).
Following the usual conventions of Emacs, changes in an Rmail file
become permanent only when you save the file. You can save it with
s (rmail-expunge-and-save), which also expunges deleted
messages from the file first (see section Deleting Messages). To save the
file without expunging, use C-x C-s. Rmail also saves the Rmail
file after merging new mail from an inbox file (see section Rmail Files and Inboxes).
You can exit Rmail with q (rmail-quit); this expunges
and saves the Rmail file, then buries the Rmail buffer as well as its
summary buffer, if present (see section Summaries). But there is no
need to "exit" formally. If you switch from Rmail to editing in
other buffers, and never switch back, you have exited. Just make sure
to save the Rmail file eventually (like any other file you have
changed). C-x s is a suitable way to do this (see section Commands for Saving Files). The Rmail command b, rmail-bury, buries the
Rmail buffer and its summary buffer without expunging and saving the
Rmail file.
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When Rmail displays a message that does not fit on the screen, you must scroll through it to read the rest. You could do this with C-v, M-v and M-<, but in Rmail scrolling is so frequent that it deserves to be easier.
Scroll forward (scroll-up).
Scroll backward (scroll-down).
Scroll to start of message (rmail-beginning-of-message).
Scroll to end of message (rmail-end-of-message).
Since the most common thing to do while reading a message is to scroll
through it by screenfuls, Rmail makes SPC and DEL synonyms of
C-v (scroll-up) and M-v (scroll-down)
The command . (rmail-beginning-of-message) scrolls back to the
beginning of the selected message. This is not quite the same as M-<:
for one thing, it does not set the mark; for another, it resets the buffer
boundaries to the current message if you have changed them. Similarly,
the command / (rmail-end-of-message) scrolls forward to the end
of the selected message.
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The most basic thing to do with a message is to read it. The way to do this in Rmail is to make the message current. The usual practice is to move sequentially through the file, since this is the order of receipt of messages. When you enter Rmail, you are positioned at the first message that you have not yet made current (that is, the first one that has the `unseen' attribute; see section Rmail Attributes). Move forward to see the other new messages; move backward to re-examine old messages.
Move to the next nondeleted message, skipping any intervening deleted
messages (rmail-next-undeleted-message).
Move to the previous nondeleted message
(rmail-previous-undeleted-message).
Move to the next message, including deleted messages
(rmail-next-message).
Move to the previous message, including deleted messages
(rmail-previous-message).
Move to the first message. With argument n, move to
message number n (rmail-show-message).
Move to the last message (rmail-last-message).
Move to the first message (rmail-first-message).
Move to the next message containing a match for regexp
(rmail-search).
Move to the previous message containing a match for regexp.
n and p are the usual way of moving among messages in
Rmail. They move through the messages sequentially, but skip over
deleted messages, which is usually what you want to do. Their command
definitions are named rmail-next-undeleted-message and
rmail-previous-undeleted-message. If you do not want to skip
deleted messages--for example, if you want to move to a message to
undelete it--use the variants M-n and M-p
(rmail-next-message and rmail-previous-message). A
numeric argument to any of these commands serves as a repeat
count.
In Rmail, you can specify a numeric argument by typing just the digits. You don't need to type C-u first.
The M-s (rmail-search) command is Rmail's version of
search. The usual incremental search command C-s works in Rmail,
but it searches only within the current message. The purpose of
M-s is to search for another message. It reads a regular
expression (see section Syntax of Regular Expressions) nonincrementally, then searches starting at
the beginning of the following message for a match. It then selects
that message. If regexp is empty, M-s reuses the regexp
used the previous time.
To search backward in the file for another message, give M-s a negative argument. In Rmail you can do this with - M-s.
It is also possible to search for a message based on labels. See section Labels.
To move to a message specified by absolute message number, use j
(rmail-show-message) with the message number as argument. With
no argument, j selects the first message. <
(rmail-first-message) also selects the first message. >
(rmail-last-message) selects the last message.
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When you no longer need to keep a message, you can delete it. This flags it as ignorable, and some Rmail commands pretend it is no longer present; but it still has its place in the Rmail file, and still has its message number.
Expunging the Rmail file actually removes the deleted messages. The remaining messages are renumbered consecutively. Expunging is the only action that changes the message number of any message, except for undigestifying (see section Digest Messages).
Delete the current message, and move to the next nondeleted message
(rmail-delete-forward).
Delete the current message, and move to the previous nondeleted
message (rmail-delete-backward).
Undelete the current message, or move back to a deleted message and
undelete it (rmail-undelete-previous-message).
Expunge the Rmail file (rmail-expunge).
There are two Rmail commands for deleting messages. Both delete the
current message and select another message. d
(rmail-delete-forward) moves to the following message, skipping
messages already deleted, while C-d (rmail-delete-backward)
moves to the previous nondeleted message. If there is no nondeleted
message to move to in the specified direction, the message that was just
deleted remains current. d with a numeric argument is
equivalent to C-d.
Whenever Rmail deletes a message, it runs the hook
rmail-delete-message-hook. When the hook functions are invoked,
the message has been marked deleted, but it is still the current message
in the Rmail buffer.
To make all the deleted messages finally vanish from the Rmail file,
type x (rmail-expunge). Until you do this, you can still
undelete the deleted messages. The undeletion command, u
(rmail-undelete-previous-message), is designed to cancel the
effect of a d command in most cases. It undeletes the current
message if the current message is deleted. Otherwise it moves backward
to previous messages until a deleted message is found, and undeletes
that message.
You can usually undo a d with a u because the u moves back to and undeletes the message that the d deleted. But this does not work when the d skips a few already-deleted messages that follow the message being deleted; then the u command undeletes the last of the messages that were skipped. There is no clean way to avoid this problem. However, by repeating the u command, you can eventually get back to the message that you intend to undelete. You can also select a particular deleted message with the M-p command, then type u to undelete it.
A deleted message has the `deleted' attribute, and as a result `deleted' appears in the mode line when the current message is deleted. In fact, deleting or undeleting a message is nothing more than adding or removing this attribute. See section Rmail Attributes.
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When you receive mail locally, the operating system places incoming
mail for you in a file that we call your inbox. When you start
up Rmail, it runs a C program called movemail to copy the new
messages from your local inbox into your primary Rmail file, which
also contains other messages saved from previous Rmail sessions. It
is in this file that you actually read the mail with Rmail. This
operation is called getting new mail. You can get new mail at
any time in Rmail by typing g.
The variable rmail-primary-inbox-list contains a list of the
files which are inboxes for your primary Rmail file. If you don't set
this variable explicitly, it is initialized from the MAIL
environment variable, or, as a last resort, set to nil, which
means to use the default inbox. The default inbox file depends on
your operating system; often it is `/var/mail/username',
`/usr/spool/mail/username', or
`/usr/mail/username'.
You can specify the inbox file(s) for any Rmail file with the
command set-rmail-inbox-list; see Multiple Rmail Files.
There are two reasons for having separate Rmail files and inboxes.
The inbox file format varies between operating systems and according to the other mail software in use. Only one part of Rmail needs to know about the alternatives, and it need only understand how to convert all of them to Rmail's own format.
It is very cumbersome to access an inbox file without danger of losing mail, because it is necessary to interlock with mail delivery. Moreover, different operating systems use different interlocking techniques. The strategy of moving mail out of the inbox once and for all into a separate Rmail file avoids the need for interlocking in all the rest of Rmail, since only Rmail operates on the Rmail file.
Rmail was written to use Babyl format as its internal format. Since then, we have recognized that the usual inbox format on Unix and GNU systems is adequate for the job, and we plan to change Rmail to use that as its internal format. However, the Rmail file will still be separate from the inbox file, even when their format is the same.
When getting new mail, Rmail first copies the new mail from the
inbox file to the Rmail file; then it saves the Rmail file; then it
clears out the inbox file. This way, a system crash may cause
duplication of mail between the inbox and the Rmail file, but cannot
lose mail. If rmail-preserve-inbox is non-nil, then
Rmail does not clear out the inbox file when it gets new mail. You
may wish to set this, for example, on a portable computer you use to
check your mail via POP while traveling, so that your mail will remain
on the server and you can save it later on your workstation.
In some cases, Rmail copies the new mail from the inbox file
indirectly. First it runs the movemail program to move the mail
from the inbox to an intermediate file called
`~/.newmail-inboxname'. Then Rmail merges the new mail from
that file, saves the Rmail file, and only then deletes the intermediate
file. If there is a crash at the wrong time, this file continues to
exist, and Rmail will use it again the next time it gets new mail from
that inbox.
If Rmail is unable to convert the data in `~/.newmail-inboxname' into Babyl format, it renames the file to `~/RMAILOSE.n' (n is an integer chosen to make the name unique) so that Rmail will not have trouble with the data again. You should look at the file, find whatever message confuses Rmail (probably one that includes the control-underscore character, octal code 037), and delete it. Then you can use 1 g to get new mail from the corrected file.
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Rmail operates by default on your primary Rmail file, which is named `~/RMAIL' and receives your incoming mail from your system inbox file. But you can also have other Rmail files and edit them with Rmail. These files can receive mail through their own inboxes, or you can move messages into them with explicit Rmail commands (see section Copying Messages Out to Files).
Read file into Emacs and run Rmail on it (rmail-input).
Specify inbox file names for current Rmail file to get mail from.
Merge new mail from current Rmail file's inboxes
(rmail-get-new-mail).
Merge new mail from inbox file file.
To run Rmail on a file other than your primary Rmail file, you can use
the i (rmail-input) command in Rmail. This visits the file
in Rmail mode. You can use M-x rmail-input even when not in
Rmail, but it is easier to type C-u M-x rmail, which does the
same thing.
The file you read with i should normally be a valid Rmail file. If it is not, Rmail tries to decompose it into a stream of messages in various known formats. If it succeeds, it converts the whole file to an Rmail file. If you specify a file name that doesn't exist, i initializes a new buffer for creating a new Rmail file.
You can also select an Rmail file from a menu. In the Classify menu,
choose the Input Rmail File item; then choose the Rmail file you want.
The variables rmail-secondary-file-directory and
rmail-secondary-file-regexp specify which files to offer in the
menu: the first variable says which directory to find them in; the
second says which files in that directory to offer (all those that
match the regular expression). These variables also apply to choosing
a file for output (see section Copying Messages Out to Files).
Each Rmail file can contain a list of inbox file names; you can specify this list with M-x set-rmail-inbox-list RET files RET. The argument can contain any number of file names, separated by commas. It can also be empty, which specifies that this file should have no inboxes. Once you specify a list of inboxes in an Rmail file, the Rmail file remembers it permanently until you specify a different list.
As a special exception, if your primary Rmail file does not specify any inbox files, it uses your standard system inbox.
The g command (rmail-get-new-mail) merges mail into the
current Rmail file from its inboxes. If the Rmail file has no
inboxes, g does nothing. The command M-x rmail also
merges new mail into your primary Rmail file.
To merge mail from a file that is not the usual inbox, give the g key a numeric argument, as in C-u g. Then it reads a file name and merges mail from that file. The inbox file is not deleted or changed in any way when g with an argument is used. This is, therefore, a general way of merging one file of messages into another.
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These commands copy messages from an Rmail file into another file.
Append a copy of the current message to the file file, using Rmail
file format by default (rmail-output-to-rmail-file).
Append a copy of the current message to the file file, using
system inbox file format by default (rmail-output).
Output just the message body to the file file, taking the default file name from the message `Subject' header.
The commands o and C-o copy the current message into a specified file. This file may be an Rmail file or it may be in system inbox format; the output commands ascertain the file's format and write the copied message in that format.
The o and C-o commands differ in two ways: each has its own separate default file name, and each specifies a choice of format to use when the file does not already exist. The o command uses Rmail format when it creates a new file, while C-o uses system inbox format for a new file. The default file name for o is the file name used last with o, and the default file name for C-o is the file name used last with C-o.
If the output file is an Rmail file currently visited in an Emacs buffer, the output commands copy the message into that buffer. It is up to you to save the buffer eventually in its file.
Sometimes you may receive a message whose body holds the contents of a
file. You can save the body to a file (excluding the message header)
with the w command (rmail-output-body-to-file). Often
these messages contain the intended file name in the `Subject'
field, so the w command uses the `Subject' field as the
default for the output file name. However, the file name is read using
the minibuffer, so you can specify a different name if you wish.
You can also output a message to an Rmail file chosen with a menu.
In the Classify menu, choose the Output Rmail File menu item; then
choose the Rmail file you want. This outputs the current message to
that file, like the o command. The variables
rmail-secondary-file-directory and
rmail-secondary-file-regexp specify which files to offer in the
menu: the first variable says which directory to find them in; the
second says which files in that directory to offer (all those that
match the regular expression).
Copying a message with o or C-o gives the original copy
of the message the `filed' attribute, so that `filed'
appears in the mode line when such a message is current. w
gives it the `stored' attribute. If you like to keep just a
single copy of every mail message, set the variable
rmail-delete-after-output to t; then the o,
C-o and w commands delete the original message after
copying it. (You can undelete the original afterward if you wish.)
Copying messages into files in system inbox format uses the header fields that are displayed in Rmail at the time. Thus, if you use the t command to view the entire header and then copy the message, the entire header is copied. See section Display of Messages.
The variable rmail-output-file-alist lets you specify
intelligent defaults for the output file, based on the contents of the
current message. The value should be a list whose elements have this
form:
(regexp . name-exp) |
If there's a match for regexp in the current message, then the
default file name for output is name-exp. If multiple elements
match the message, the first matching element decides the default file
name. The subexpression name-exp may be a string constant giving
the file name to use, or more generally it may be any Lisp expression
that returns a file name as a string. rmail-output-file-alist
applies to both o and C-o.
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Each message can have various labels assigned to it as a means of classification. Each label has a name; different names are different labels. Any given label is either present or absent on a particular message. A few label names have standard meanings and are given to messages automatically by Rmail when appropriate; these special labels are called attributes. (See section Rmail Attributes.) All other labels are assigned only by users.
Assign the label label to the current message (rmail-add-label).
Remove the label label from the current message (rmail-kill-label).
Move to the next message that has one of the labels labels
(rmail-next-labeled-message).
Move to the previous message that has one of the labels labels
(rmail-previous-labeled-message).
Make a summary of all messages containing any of the labels labels
(rmail-summary-by-labels).
The a (rmail-add-label) and k
(rmail-kill-label) commands allow you to assign or remove any
label on the current message. If the label argument is empty, it
means to assign or remove the same label most recently assigned or
removed.
Once you have given messages labels to classify them as you wish, there are two ways to use the labels: in moving and in summaries.
The command C-M-n labels RET
(rmail-next-labeled-message) moves to the next message that has
one of the labels labels. The argument labels specifies one
or more label names, separated by commas. C-M-p
(rmail-previous-labeled-message) is similar, but moves backwards
to previous messages. A numeric argument to either command serves as a
repeat count.
The command C-M-l labels RET
(rmail-summary-by-labels) displays a summary containing only the
messages that have at least one of a specified set of labels. The
argument labels is one or more label names, separated by commas.
See section Summaries, for information on summaries.
If the labels argument to C-M-n, C-M-p or C-M-l is empty, it means to use the last set of labels specified for any of these commands.
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Some labels such as `deleted' and `filed' have built-in meanings, and Rmail assigns them to messages automatically at appropriate times; these labels are called attributes. Here is a list of Rmail attributes:
Means the message has never been current. Assigned to messages when they come from an inbox file, and removed when a message is made current. When you start Rmail, it initially shows the first message that has this attribute.
Means the message is deleted. Assigned by deletion commands and removed by undeletion commands (see section Deleting Messages).
Means the message has been copied to some other file. Assigned by the o and C-o file output commands (see section Copying Messages Out to Files).
Assigned by the w file output command (see section Copying Messages Out to Files).
Means you have mailed an answer to the message. Assigned by the r
command (rmail-reply). See section Sending Replies.
Means you have forwarded the message. Assigned by the f command
(rmail-forward). See section Sending Replies.
Means you have edited the text of the message within Rmail. See section Editing Within a Message.
Means you have resent the message. Assigned by the command M-x rmail-resend. See section Sending Replies.
All other labels are assigned or removed only by users, and have no standard meaning.
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Rmail has several commands that use Mail mode to send outgoing mail. See section Sending Mail, for information on using Mail mode, including certain features meant to work with Rmail. What this section documents are the special commands of Rmail for entering Mail mode. Note that the usual keys for sending mail--C-x m, C-x 4 m, and C-x 5 m--also work normally in Rmail mode.
Send a message (rmail-mail).
Continue editing the already started outgoing message (rmail-continue).
Send a reply to the current Rmail message (rmail-reply).
Forward the current message to other users (rmail-forward).
Resend the current message to other users (rmail-resend).
Try sending a bounced message a second time (rmail-retry-failure).
The most common reason to send a message while in Rmail is to reply
to the message you are reading. To do this, type r
(rmail-reply). This displays the `*mail*' buffer in
another window, much like C-x 4 m, but preinitializes the
`Subject', `To', `CC', `In-reply-to' and
`References' header fields based on the message you are replying
to. The `To' field starts out as the address of the person who
sent the message you received, and the `CC' field starts out with
all the other recipients of that message.
You can exclude certain recipients from being placed automatically in
the `CC', using the variable rmail-dont-reply-to-names. Its
value should be a regular expression (as a string); any recipient that
the regular expression matches, is excluded from the `CC' field.
The default value matches your own name, and any name starting with
`info-'. (Those names are excluded because there is a convention
of using them for large mailing lists to broadcast announcements.)
To omit the `CC' field completely for a particular reply, enter the reply command with a numeric argument: C-u r or 1 r. This means to reply only to the sender of the original message.
Once the `*mail*' buffer has been initialized, editing and sending the mail goes as usual (see section Sending Mail). You can edit the presupplied header fields if they are not what you want. You can also use the commands of Mail mode (see section Mail Mode), including C-c C-y which yanks in the message that you are replying to. You can also switch to the Rmail buffer, select a different message there, switch back, and yank the new current message.
Sometimes a message does not reach its destination. Mailers usually
send the failed message back to you, enclosed in a failure
message. The Rmail command M-m (rmail-retry-failure)
prepares to send the same message a second time: it sets up a
`*mail*' buffer with the same text and header fields as before. If
you type C-c C-c right away, you send the message again exactly
the same as the first time. Alternatively, you can edit the text or
headers and then send it. The variable
rmail-retry-ignored-headers, in the same format as
rmail-ignored-headers (see section Display of Messages), controls which
headers are stripped from the failed message when retrying it.
Another frequent reason to send mail in Rmail is to forward the
current message to other users. f (rmail-forward) makes
this easy by preinitializing the `*mail*' buffer with the current
message as the text, and a subject designating a forwarded message. All
you have to do is fill in the recipients and send. When you forward a
message, recipients get a message which is "from" you, and which has
the original message in its contents.
Forwarding a message encloses it between two delimiter lines. It also modifies every line that starts with a dash, by inserting `- ' at the start of the line. When you receive a forwarded message, if it contains something besides ordinary text--for example, program source code--you might find it useful to undo that transformation. You can do this by selecting the forwarded message and typing M-x unforward-rmail-message. This command extracts the original forwarded message, deleting the inserted `- ' strings, and inserts it into the Rmail file as a separate message immediately following the current one.
Resending is an alternative similar to forwarding; the
difference is that resending sends a message that is "from" the
original sender, just as it reached you--with a few added header fields
`Resent-From' and `Resent-To' to indicate that it came via
you. To resend a message in Rmail, use C-u f. (f runs
rmail-forward, which is programmed to invoke rmail-resend
if you provide a numeric argument.)
The m (rmail-mail) command is used to start editing an
outgoing message that is not a reply. It leaves the header fields empty.
Its only difference from C-x 4 m is that it makes the Rmail buffer
accessible for C-c C-y, just as r does. Thus, m can be
used to reply to or forward a message; it can do anything r or f
can do.
The c (rmail-continue) command resumes editing the
`*mail*' buffer, to finish editing an outgoing message you were
already composing, or to alter a message you have sent.
If you set the variable rmail-mail-new-frame to a
non-nil value, then all the Rmail commands to start sending a
message create a new frame to edit it in. This frame is deleted when
you send the message, or when you use the `Cancel' item in the
`Mail' menu.
All the Rmail commands to send a message use the mail-composition method that you have chosen (see section Mail-Composition Methods).
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A summary is a buffer containing one line per message to give you an overview of the mail in an Rmail file. Each line shows the message number and date, the sender, the line count, the labels, and the subject. Moving point in the summary buffer selects messages as you move to their summary lines. Almost all Rmail commands are valid in the summary buffer also; when used there, they apply to the message described by the current line of the summary.
A summary buffer applies to a single Rmail file only; if you are editing multiple Rmail files, each one can have its own summary buffer. The summary buffer name is made by appending `-summary' to the Rmail buffer's name. Normally only one summary buffer is displayed at a time.
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Here are the commands to create a summary for the current Rmail file. Once the Rmail file has a summary buffer, changes in the Rmail file (such as deleting or expunging messages, and getting new mail) automatically update the summary.
Summarize all messages (rmail-summary).
Summarize messages that have one or more of the specified labels
(rmail-summary-by-labels).
Summarize messages that have one or more of the specified recipients
(rmail-summary-by-recipients).
Summarize messages that have a match for the specified regexp
topic in their subjects (rmail-summary-by-topic).
Summarize messages whose headers and the subject line match the
specified regular expression regexp
(rmail-summary-by-regexp).
The h or C-M-h (rmail-summary) command fills the summary buffer
for the current Rmail file with a summary of all the messages in the file.
It then displays and selects the summary buffer in another window.
C-M-l labels RET (rmail-summary-by-labels) makes
a partial summary mentioning only the messages that have one or more of the
labels labels. labels should contain label names separated by
commas.
C-M-r rcpts RET (rmail-summary-by-recipients)
makes a partial summary mentioning only the messages that have one or more
of the recipients rcpts. rcpts should contain mailing
addresses separated by commas.
C-M-t topic RET (rmail-summary-by-topic)
makes a partial summary mentioning only the messages whose subjects have
a match for the regular expression topic.
C-M-s regexp RET (rmail-summary-by-regexp)
makes a partial summary which mentions only the messages whose headers
(including the date and the subject lines) match the regular
expression regexp.
Note that there is only one summary buffer for any Rmail file; making any kind of summary discards any previous summary.
The variable rmail-summary-window-size says how many lines to
use for the summary window. The variable
rmail-summary-line-count-flag controls whether the summary line
for a message should include the line count of the message.
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You can use the Rmail summary buffer to do almost anything you can do in the Rmail buffer itself. In fact, once you have a summary buffer, there's no need to switch back to the Rmail buffer.
You can select and display various messages in the Rmail buffer, from the summary buffer, just by moving point in the summary buffer to different lines. It doesn't matter what Emacs command you use to move point; whichever line point is on at the end of the command, that message is selected in the Rmail buffer.
Almost all Rmail commands work in the summary buffer as well as in the Rmail buffer. Thus, d in the summary buffer deletes the current message, u undeletes, and x expunges. (However, in the summary buffer, a numeric argument to d, C-d and u serves as a repeat count. A negative argument reverses the meaning of d and C-d.) o and C-o output the current message to a file; r starts a reply to it. You can scroll the current message while remaining in the summary buffer using SPC and DEL.
The Rmail commands to move between messages also work in the summary buffer, but with a twist: they move through the set of messages included in the summary. They also ensure the Rmail buffer appears on the screen (unlike cursor motion commands, which update the contents of the Rmail buffer but don't display it in a window unless it already appears). Here is a list of these commands:
Move to next line, skipping lines saying `deleted', and select its message.
Move to previous line, skipping lines saying `deleted', and select its message.
Move to next line and select its message.
Move to previous line and select its message.
Move to the last line, and select its message.
Move to the first line, and select its message.
Select the message on the current line (ensuring that the RMAIL buffer appears on the screen). With argument n, select message number n and move to its line in the summary buffer; this signals an error if the message is not listed in the summary buffer.
Search through messages for pattern starting with the current message; select the message found, and move point in the summary buffer to that message's line.
Deletion, undeletion, and getting new mail, and even selection of a
different message all update the summary buffer when you do them in the
Rmail buffer. If the variable rmail-redisplay-summary is
non-nil, these actions also bring the summary buffer back onto
the screen.
When you are finished using the summary, type Q
(rmail-summary-wipe) to delete the summary buffer's window. You
can also exit Rmail while in the summary: q
(rmail-summary-quit) deletes the summary window, then exits from
Rmail by saving the Rmail file and switching to another buffer.
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Sort messages of current Rmail file by date.
Sort messages of current Rmail file by subject.
Sort messages of current Rmail file by author's name.
Sort messages of current Rmail file by recipient's names.
Sort messages of current Rmail file by the name of the other correspondent.
Sort messages of current Rmail file by size (number of lines).
Sort messages of current Rmail file by labels. The argument labels should be a comma-separated list of labels. The order of these labels specifies the order of messages; messages with the first label come first, messages with the second label come second, and so on. Messages which have none of these labels come last.
The Rmail sort commands perform a stable sort: if there is no
reason to prefer either one of two messages, their order remains
unchanged. You can use this to sort by more than one criterion. For
example, if you use rmail-sort-by-date and then
rmail-sort-by-author, messages from the same author appear in
order by date.
With a numeric argument, all these commands reverse the order of comparison. This means they sort messages from newest to oldest, from biggest to smallest, or in reverse alphabetical order.
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Rmail reformats the header of each message before displaying it for the first time. Reformatting hides uninteresting header fields to reduce clutter. You can use the t command to show the entire header or to repeat the header reformatting operation.
Toggle display of complete header (rmail-toggle-header).
Reformatting the header involves deleting most header fields, on the
grounds that they are not interesting. The variable
rmail-ignored-headers holds a regular expression that specifies
which header fields to hide in this way--if it matches the beginning
of a header field, that whole field is hidden. However, the variable
rmail-nonignored-headers provides a further override: a header
matching that regular expression is shown even if it matches
rmail-ignored-headers too.
Rmail saves the complete original header before reformatting; to see
it, use the t command (rmail-toggle-header). This
discards the reformatted headers of the current message and displays
it with the original header. Repeating t reformats the message
again, which shows only the interesting headers according to the
current values of those variable. Selecting the message again also
reformats it if necessary.
One consequence of this is that if you edit the reformatted header (using e; see section Editing Within a Message), subsequent use of t will discard your edits. On the other hand, if you use e after t, to edit the original (unreformatted) header, those changes are permanent.
When the t command has a prefix argument, a positive argument means to show the reformatted header, and a zero or negative argument means to show the full header.
When the terminal supports multiple fonts or colors, Rmail
highlights certain header fields that are especially interesting--by
default, the `From' and `Subject' fields. The variable
rmail-highlighted-headers holds a regular expression that
specifies the header fields to highlight; if it matches the beginning
of a header field, that whole field is highlighted.
If you specify unusual colors for your text foreground and
background, the colors used for highlighting may not go well with
them. If so, specify different colors by setting the variable
rmail-highlight-face to a suitable face. To turn off
highlighting entirely in Rmail, set rmail-highlighted-headers
to nil.
You can highlight and activate URLs in incoming messages by adding
the function goto-address to the hook
rmail-show-message-hook. Then you can browse these URLs by
clicking on them with Mouse-2 (or Mouse-1 quickly) or by
moving to one and typing C-c RET. See section Activating URLs.
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Rmail automatically decodes messages which contain non-ASCII characters, just as Emacs does with files you visit and with subprocess output. Rmail uses the standard `charset=charset' header in the message, if any, to determine how the message was encoded by the sender. It maps charset into the corresponding Emacs coding system (see section Coding Systems), and uses that coding system to decode message text. If the message header doesn't have the `charset' specification, or if charset is not recognized, Rmail chooses the coding system with the usual Emacs heuristics and defaults (see section Recognizing Coding Systems).
Occasionally, a message is decoded incorrectly, either because Emacs
guessed the wrong coding system in the absence of the `charset'
specification, or because the specification was inaccurate. For
example, a misconfigured mailer could send a message with a
`charset=iso-8859-1' header when the message is actually encoded
in koi8-r. When you see the message text garbled, or some of
its characters displayed as empty boxes, this may have happened.
You can correct the problem by decoding the message again using the right coding system, if you can figure out or guess which one is right. To do this, invoke the M-x rmail-redecode-body command. It reads the name of a coding system, encodes the message body using whichever coding system was used to decode it before, then redecodes it using the coding system you specified. If you specified the right coding system, the result should be readable.
Decoding and encoding using the wrong coding system is lossless for most encodings, in particular with 8-bit encodings such as iso-8859 or koi8. So, if the initial attempt to redecode the message didn't result in a legible text, you can try other coding systems until you succeed.
With some coding systems, notably those from the iso-2022 family,
information can be lost in decoding, so that encoding the message
again won't bring back the original incoming text. In such a case,
rmail-redecode-body cannot work. However, the problems that
call for use of rmail-redecode-body rarely occur with those
coding systems. So in practice the command works when you need it.
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Most of the usual Emacs commands are available in Rmail mode, though a few, such as C-M-n and C-M-h, are redefined by Rmail for other purposes. However, the Rmail buffer is normally read only, and most of the letters are redefined as Rmail commands. If you want to edit the text of a message, you must use the Rmail command e.
Edit the current message as ordinary text.
The e command (rmail-edit-current-message) switches from
Rmail mode into Rmail Edit mode, another major mode which is nearly the
same as Text mode. The mode line indicates this change.
In Rmail Edit mode, letters insert themselves as usual and the Rmail commands are not available. When you are finished editing the message and are ready to go back to Rmail, type C-c C-c, which switches back to Rmail mode. Alternatively, you can return to Rmail mode but cancel all the editing that you have done, by typing C-c C-].
Entering Rmail Edit mode runs the hook text-mode-hook; then it
runs the hook rmail-edit-mode-hook (see section Hooks). It adds the
attribute `edited' to the message. It also displays the full
headers of the message, so that you can edit the headers as well as the
body of the message, and your changes in the headers will be
permanent.
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A digest message is a message which exists to contain and carry several other messages. Digests are used on some moderated mailing lists; all the messages that arrive for the list during a period of time such as one day are put inside a single digest which is then sent to the subscribers. Transmitting the single digest uses much less computer time than transmitting the individual messages even though the total size is the same, because the per-message overhead in network mail transmission is considerable.
When you receive a digest message, the most convenient way to read it is to undigestify it: to turn it back into many individual messages. Then you can read and delete the individual messages as it suits you. To do this, select the digest message and type the command M-x undigestify-rmail-message. This extracts the submessages as separate Rmail messages, and inserts them following the digest. The digest message itself is flagged as deleted.
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The command M-x unrmail converts a file in Rmail format to inbox format (also known as the system mailbox, or mbox, format), so that you can use it with other mail-editing tools. You must specify two arguments, the name of the Rmail file and the name to use for the converted file. M-x unrmail does not alter the Rmail file itself.
M-x unrmail is useful if you can run Emacs on the machine
where the Rmail file resides, or can access the Rmail file remotely
(see section Remote Files) from a machine where Emacs is installed. If
accessing Rmail files from Emacs is impossible, you can use the
b2m program instead. b2m is part of the Emacs
distribution, it is installed into the same directory where all the
other auxiliary programs (etags etc.) are installed, and its
source is available in the Emacs source distribution, so that you
could copy the source to the target machine and compile it there.
To convert a file `babyl-file' into `mbox-file',
invoke b2m like this:
b2m < babyl-file > mbox-file |
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Mailing list messages that might offend some readers are sometimes encoded in a simple code called rot13--so named because it rotates the alphabet by 13 letters. This code is not for secrecy, as it provides none; rather, it enables those who might be offended to avoid seeing the real text of the message.
To view a buffer which uses the rot13 code, use the command M-x rot13-other-window. This displays the current buffer in another window which applies the code when displaying the text.
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movemail program When invoked for the first time, Rmail attempts to locate the
movemail program and determine its version. There are two
versions of movemail program: the native one, shipped with GNU
Emacs (the "emacs version") and the one included in GNU mailutils
(the "mailutils version," see (mailutils)movemail section `movemail' in GNU mailutils). They support the same command line syntax and the same
basic subset of options. However, the Mailutils version offers
additional features.
The Emacs version of movemail is able to retrieve mail from
usual UNIX mailbox formats and from remote mailboxes using the POP3
protocol.
The Mailutils version is able to handle a wide set of mailbox
formats, such as plain UNIX mailboxes, maildir and MH
mailboxes, etc. It is able to retrieve remote mail using POP3 or
IMAP4 protocol, and can retrieve mail from them using a TLS encrypted
channel. It also accepts mailbox argument in the URL form.
The detailed description of mailbox URLs can be found in
(mailutils)URL section `URL' in Mailbox URL Formats. In short, a URL
is:
proto://[user[:password]@]host-or-file-name |
where square brackets denote optional elements.
Specifies the mailbox protocol, or format to use. The exact semantics of the rest of URL elements depends on the actual value of proto (see below).
User name to access the remote mailbox.
User password to access the remote mailbox.
Hostname of the remote server for remote mailboxes or file name of a local mailbox.
Proto can be one of:
mboxUsual UNIX mailbox format. In this case, neither user nor
pass are used, and host-or-file-name denotes the file name of
the mailbox file, e.g., mbox://var/spool/mail/smith.
mhA local mailbox in the MH format. User and
pass are not used. Host-or-file-name denotes the name of
MH folder, e.g., mh://Mail/inbox.
maildirA local mailbox in the maildir format. User and
pass are not used, and host-or-file-name denotes the name of
maildir mailbox, e.g., maildir://mail/inbox.
fileAny local mailbox format. Its actual format is detected automatically
by movemail.
popA remote mailbox to be accessed via POP3 protocol. User
specifies the remote user name to use, pass may be used to
specify the user password, host-or-file-name is the name or IP
address of the remote mail server to connect to; e.g.,
pop://smith:guessme@remote.server.net.
imapA remote mailbox to be accessed via IMAP4 protocol. User
specifies the remote user name to use, pass may be used to
specify the user password, host-or-file-name is the name or IP
address of the remote mail server to connect to;
e.g., imap://smith:guessme@remote.server.net.
Alternatively, you can specify the file name of the mailbox to use. This is equivalent to specifying the `file' protocol:
/var/spool/mail/user ≡ file://var/spool/mail/user |
The variable rmail-movemail-program controls which version of
movemail to use. If that is a string, it specifies the
absolute file name of the movemail executable. If it is
nil, Rmail searches for movemail in the directories
listed in rmail-movemail-search-path and exec-path, then
in exec-directory.
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Some sites use a method called POP for accessing users' inbox data
instead of storing the data in inbox files. The Emacs
movemail can work with POP if you compile it with the macro
MAIL_USE_POP defined. (You can achieve that by specifying
`--with-pop' when you run configure during the
installation of Emacs.)
The Mailutils movemail by default supports POP, unless it was
configured with `--disable-pop' option.
Both versions of movemail only work with POP3, not with older
versions of POP.
No matter which flavor of movemail you use, you can specify
POP inbox by using POP URL (see section movemail program). A POP
URL is a "file name" of the form
`pop://username@hostname', where
hostname is the host name or IP address of the remote mail
server and username is the user name on that server.
Additionally, you may specify the password in the mailbox URL:
`pop://username:password@hostname'. In this
case, password takes preference over the one set by
rmail-remote-password. This is especially useful if you have
several remote mailboxes with different passwords.
For backward compatibility, Rmail also supports two alternative ways
of specifying remote POP mailboxes. First, specifying an inbox name
in the form `po:username:hostname' is equivalent to
`pop://username@hostname'. Alternatively, you may
set a "file name" of `po:username' in the inbox list of
an Rmail file. movemail will handle such a name by opening a
connection to the POP server. In this case, the MAILHOST
environment variable specifies the machine on which to look for the
POP server.
Another method for accessing remote mailboxes is IMAP. This method is
supported only by the Mailutils movemail. To specify an IMAP
mailbox in the inbox list, use the following mailbox URL:
`imap://username[:password]@hostname'. The
password part is optional, as described above.
Accessing a remote mailbox may require a password. Rmail uses the following algorithm to retrieve it:
If the password is present in mailbox URL (see above), it is used.
If the variable rmail-remote-password is non-nil, its
value is used.
Otherwise, if rmail-remote-password-required is non-nil,
then Rmail will ask you for the password to use.
Otherwise, Rmail assumes no password is required.
For compatibility with previous versions, the variables
rmail-pop-password and rmail-pop-password-required may
be used instead of rmail-remote-password and
rmail-remote-password-required.
If you need to pass additional command-line flags to movemail,
set the variable rmail-movemail-flags a list of the flags you
wish to use. Do not use this variable to pass the `-p' flag to
preserve your inbox contents; use rmail-preserve-inbox instead.
The movemail program installed at your site may support
Kerberos authentication. If it is
supported, it is used by default whenever you attempt to retrieve
POP mail when rmail-pop-password and
rmail-pop-password-required are unset.
Some POP servers store messages in reverse order. If your server does
this, and you would rather read your mail in the order in which it was
received, you can tell movemail to reverse the order of
downloaded messages by adding the `-r' flag to
rmail-movemail-flags.
Mailutils movemail supports TLS encryption. If you wish to
use it, add the `--tls' flag to rmail-movemail-flags.
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If your incoming mail is stored on a local machine in a format other
than UNIX mailbox, you will need the Mailutils movemail to
retrieve it. See section movemail program, for the detailed description of
movemail versions. For example, to access mail from a inbox in
maildir format located in `/var/spool/mail/in', you would
include the following in the Rmail inbox list:
maildir://var/spool/mail/in |
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